This Joint Filing Agreement confirms the agreement by and among the undersigned that the Schedule 13G is filed on behalf of (i) each member of the group identified in Item 8 and (ii) the other reporting person(s) identified in Item 6 that may be deemed to beneficially own more than five percent of the issuer's outstanding equity securities. Legg Mason Capital Management, Inc. By__/s/ Andrew J. Bowden_____________________ Andrew J. Bowden, Senior Vice President LMM LLC By___/s/ Jennifer Murphy______________________ Jennifer Murphy, Chief Operations Officer Legg Mason Opportunity Trust, A portfolio of Legg Mason Investment Trust, Inc. By___/s/ Gregory T. Merz______________________ Gregory T. Merz, Vice President